Anyone who wants to understand today’s news environment faces a challenge: How to discern the nuances of digital news habits when Americans’ attention spans are fractured, human memory is naturally limited and news comes at them every which way.
To tackle this complex question, Pew Research Center, in association with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, took on the unusual task of staying in touch with more than 2,000 U.S. adults who get at least some news online over the course of a week. The study ran from Feb. 24 to March 1, 2016. Respondents were asked twice a day whether they got news online within the past two hours and, if so, were asked about their experience with that news. This technique was used to improve the chances that respondents would be able to accurately recall their recent news interactions and allowed researchers to ask about sources and behaviors with a high level of detail. This amounted to up to 14 completed surveys per person for a total of 25,602 interviews – 13,086 of which included online news consumption.
While there are a number of pathways Americans use to get news online, two in this study stand out as the most common: social media and direct visits to news organizations’ websites. When asked how they arrived at news content in their most recent web interaction, online news consumers were about equally likely to get news by going directly to a news website (36% of the times they got news, on average) as getting it through social media (35%). They were less likely to access news through emails, text messages or search engines. And most people favored one pathway over another. Nearly two-thirds (65%) of online news consumers had one preferred pathway for getting most of their online news.
The study also sheds light on whether people are actually aware of the sources of news they consume – a question all the more relevant in light of the prevalence of fabricated news stories during the final weeks of the 2016 election. It reveals that when consumers click on a link to get to news, they can often recall the news source’s name. Individuals who said they followed a link to a news story were asked if they could write down the name of the news outlet they landed on. On average, they provided a name 56% of the time. But they were far more able to do so when that link came directly from a news organization – such as through an email or text alert from the news organization itself – than when it came from social media or an email or text from a friend. It was also the case that 10% of consumers, when asked to name the source of the news, wrote in “Facebook” as a specific news outlet.
Another critical issue facing the industry is identifying which news experiences tend to inspire follow-up actions such as sharing, searching for more information or talking about it with others. This study suggests differences based on both the pathway used to get the news and the topic of news itself. Among the five pathways studied, news instances spurred by emails and texts from friends or family elicited the most activity; nearly three-quarters (73%) of these instances were acted upon in some way. That outpaced even social media and direct visits to a news organization’s website, where a follow-up action occurred in about half of news instances (53% and 47%, respectively). Overall, talking with someone offline, whether in person or over the phone, was the most common action taken with digital news.
As for the topic of the news, community and health news spurred follow-up action about two-thirds of the time, while entertainment, sports and business news did so only about half the time. The type of follow-up action taken also varied with news topic. Stories about community affairs stand out for their social nature and were shared via social media at a far higher rate than any other topic. Science news, on the other hand, was bookmarked or saved for later or sent to someone via email or text at a higher rate than most other topics. Still, for all pathways and topics studied, speaking with someone offline about the news rises to the top.
It is important to keep in mind that this is self-reported data, and activities even as recent as the last two hours can be hard for some people to recall. At the same time, though, while a repeated survey like this can make people more aware of their online activities, little evidence of this emerged. This unique approach provides a deeper and more tangible window into how Americans learn about current events in the digital age, and speaks to some of the challenges news organizations have in establishing a relationship with digital audiences.
Other interesting patterns that emerged include the following:
- Just as individuals tend to favor one digital pathway over others, certain topics in the news are more likely to be learned about through one method over another. Business and finance news, for example, is more likely to be accessed by going directly to a news website. About half of business and finance news instances (53%) occurred through an individual going directly to a news website or app, compared with just 12% that came through social media. Community news, on the other hand, was much more likely to be discovered through social media (53%) than on a news website (22%).
- Social media, search engines and friends’ emails and texts all succeed in engaging news consumers within the bounds of each venue. About a quarter (23%) of the instances in which news came through a search engine resulted in searches for additional information, a higher share than any other pathway. Similarly, 14% of news instances from friends or family led to sending news via email or text, compared with 5% or less of the instances from any other pathway. And when people got news through social media, they went on to re-share that news on social media one out of four times. On the other hand, no single digital action stands out for news that came from a direct connection with a news organization.
- Younger and older online news consumers follow news links at the same rate, but younger adults are less likely to remember the source. When 18- to 29-year-old online news consumers clicked on news links, they remembered the source about half the time (47%), at least 10 percentage points less than their elders (57% for 30- to 49-year-olds and 61% for those 50 and older). And these younger online news consumers got their news through social media 47% of the time on average, about double the rate of those 50 and older (23%), and about on par with those ages 30 to 49 (42%). Those 50 and older, on the other hand, stand out for their heavier reliance on news organizations’ emails, texts and alerts.
Details of the study
Over the course of one week (Feb. 24 to March 1, 2016), a nationally representative sample of online news consumers received two short surveys per day (14 total) asking about the news they got online, if any, in the past two hours.
The respondent pool comes from a survey conducted Jan. 12-Feb. 8, 2016, among 4,654 U.S. adults ages 18 and older who are members of Pew Research Center’s nationally representative American Trends Panel. In this February survey, those who indicated that they get news digitally (on a desktop or laptop computer or mobile device) were asked to participate in a weeklong study of their online news consumption. Of these individuals, 3,827 agreed to participate.
A total of 2,078 respondents completed at least 10 of the 14 mini-surveys during the week, of which 2,004 said that they got news online in at least one survey. These respondents are representative of online news consumers in a given week.
The survey
Example response
Jennifer, our example online
news consumer, took her first
survey on Wednesday at 1 p.m.
When answering, she was asked
to think about the past two hours.
Below is what each of the 14 short surveys looked like over the
course of the week
Did you get any online news on the following topics in the past two hours? If so, this was a news instance.
In the past two hours, Jennifer got news on politics, science, and entertainment. This was a news instance – sometimes referred to as one of the times she got news.
1
examples of topics:
Government and politics, people and events in your community, business and finance
Which topic did you get all or most of your news about?
This is the main news topic.
She got most of her news about science, so that was her main topic.
2
She got this news from a social networking site. This was the pathway.
3
examples of pathways:
A news organization’s website or app, search engines, social networking sites
4
She got to this news by clicking on
a link from social media, but did not remember the news outlet.
If you got news by clicking on a link from social media, emails or text messages, do you remember the name of the outlet that the link led to?
Respondents could write down the name of up to 3 outlets, or could indicate that they did not remember
5
Did you seek out this news, happen upon it while doing something else online, or find it while already getting other news?
She happened upon this news
while doing other things online.
Did you follow up on this news by taking any actions?
She followed up on this news with two actions. She spoke with someone about that news in person, and commented on that news on social media.
6
Examples of Actions:
Spoke with someone about the news, sent an article, shared it on social media, bookmarked it
PEW RESEARCH CENTER
The survey
Example response
Jennifer, our example online
news consumer, took her first
survey on Wednesday at 1 p.m.
When answering, she was asked
to think about the past two hours.
Below is what each of the 14 short surveys
looked like over the course of the week
Did you get any online news on the following
topics in the past two hours? If so, this was a
In the past two hours, Jennifer got news on politics, science, and entertainment. This was a news instance – sometimes referred to as one of the times she got news.
1
examples of topics:
Government and politics, people and events
in your community, business and finance
Which topic did you get all or most of your
news about? This is the main news topic.
2
3
4
If you got news by clicking on a link from social
media, emails or text messages, do you
remember the name of the outlet that the link
led to?
She got to this news by clicking on
a link from social media, but did
not remember the news outlet.
Respondents could write down the name of up
to 3 outlets, or could indicate that they did not
remember
5
Did you seek out this news, happen upon it
while doing something else online, or find it
while already getting other news?
She happened upon this news
while doing other things online.
Did you follow up on this news by taking
any actions?
She followed up on this news with
two actions. She spoke with
someone about that news in person,
and commented on that news on
social media.
6
Examples of Actions:
Spoke with someone about the news,
sent an article, shared it on social media,
bookmarked it
PEW RESEARCH CENTER
The survey
Below is what each of the 14 short surveys looked like over the course of the week ...
... followed by an example response
Jennifer, our example online news consumer, took her first survey on Wednesday at 1 p.m. When answering, she was asked to think about the past two hours.
Did you get any online news on the following topics in the past two hours? If so, this was a news instance.
1
In the past two hours, Jennifer got news on politics, science, and entertainment. This
was a news instance – sometimes referred to
as one of the times she got news.
Which topic did you get all or most of your news about? This is the main news topic.
2
She got most of her news about science, so that was her main topic.
How did you access your news on that main topic? This is the pathway used.
3
Examples of pathways: A news organization’s website or app, search engines, social networking sites
She got this news from a social networking site. This was the pathway.
If you got news by clicking on a link from social media, emails or text messages, do you remember the name of the outlet that the link led to?
4
Respondents could write down the name of up to 3 outlets, or could indicate that they did not remember
She got to this news by clicking on a link
from social media, but did not remember
the news outlet.
Did you seek out this news, happen upon it while doing something else online, or find it while already getting other news?
5
She happened upon this news while doing other things online.
Did you follow up on this news by taking any actions?
6
Examples of actions: Spoke with someone about the news, sent an article, shared it on social media, bookmarked it
She followed up on this news with two actions. She spoke with someone about that news in person, and commented on that news on social media.
PEW RESEARCH CENTER
The structure of this study allows for analyses at two different levels:
Online news consumer level: Average behavior of the 2,004 online news consumers surveyed over the course of the week. For example, the report looks at how often, on average, consumers got news by going directly to a news website versus getting it through social media.
Instance level: The characteristics of the 13,086 total news instances that occurred during the week studied. For example, the report looks at whether news accessed through social media is more likely to be acted upon than news from a news organization’s website.
The report is divided accordingly into these two distinct parts, and the relevant icon – from the two above – appears at the start of each section to help readers keep the analytical frame in mind.
