DemographicInformation

Age distribution among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are ages…

Survey year18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
201420%34%32%14%494
200727%33%25%15%554
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are…

Survey yearYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
201413%15%27%37%9%1%494
2007< 1%21%26%34%16%3%554
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are…

Survey yearMenWomenSample size
201438%62%503
200740%60%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who identify as…

Survey yearWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
2014< 1%97%< 1%2%< 1%503
20071%93%< 1%5%1%557
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are…

Survey yearImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
20144%2%95%492
20072%2%95%558
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who have a household income of…

Survey yearLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
201463%22%11%4%465
200755%24%16%5%489
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who have completed…

Survey yearHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
201460%32%6%2%502
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are…

Survey yearMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
201425%7%20%9%39%503
200730%6%16%11%36%556
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are…

Survey yearParentsNon-parentsSample size
201428%72%502
200736%64%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say they…

Survey yearBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
201492%6%1%< 1%< 1%1%503
200793%6%1%< 1%< 1%< 1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say religion is…

Survey yearVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
201487%11%1%1%< 1%503
200785%12%1%1%< 1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who attend religious services…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201452%37%11%< 1%503
200756%30%13%< 1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who pray…

Survey yearAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201482%10%3%4%1%503
200780%14%2%4%< 1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who attend prayer group…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201444%13%10%33%1%503
200742%16%9%32%1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who meditate…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201453%9%5%30%2%503
200752%8%3%36%1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201468%14%7%10%< 1%503
200761%13%10%14%2%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201446%13%10%30%1%503
200736%16%9%33%5%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Survey yearReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
201442%5%50%3%1%503
200739%2%56%2%1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say…

Survey yearThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201425%74%1%< 1%503
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who read scripture…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201459%13%8%20%1%503
200762%12%6%19%1%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say the holy scripture is…

Survey yearWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
201464%23%1%9%3%503
200768%15%2%8%7%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who …in heaven

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201496%3%1%503
200792%3%5%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who …in hell

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201484%11%6%503
200783%11%6%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Political ideology among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who are…

Survey yearConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
201437%36%22%5%503
200738%36%22%4%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who would rather have…

Survey yearSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
201423%73%1%3%503
200717%75%3%4%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say government aid to the poor…

Survey yearDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201426%70%2%2%503
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say abortion should be…

Survey yearLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
201452%43%4%503
200749%45%7%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say homosexuality…

Survey yearShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201456%38%4%2%503
200742%46%4%8%559
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who …same-sex marriage

Survey yearStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
201438%53%9%503
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy

% of members of the Historically Black Protestant Tradition democrats and Democratic leaners who say stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy who say humans…

Survey yearEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
201419%29%3%47%3%503
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.