| Survey year | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 49% | 43% | 8% | 303 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: Believe, Don't believe
Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are ages…
| Belief in Hell | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 28% | 34% | 21% | 17% | 122 |
| Don't believe | 40% | 34% | 22% | 3% | 140 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by age group
Generational cohort among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are…
| Belief in Hell | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 15% | 17% | 30% | 23% | 14% | 1% | 122 |
| Don't believe | 16% | 36% | 22% | 23% | 3% | < 1% | 140 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are…
| Belief in Hell | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 44% | 56% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 50% | 50% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by gender
Racial and ethnic composition among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who identify as…
| Belief in Hell | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 20% | 64% | 1% | 13% | 2% | 130 |
| Don't believe | 57% | 26% | 6% | 7% | 4% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by race/ethnicity
Immigrant status among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are…
| Belief in Hell | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 19% | 7% | 73% | 127 |
| Don't believe | 16% | 10% | 74% | 145 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by immigrant status
Income distribution among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who have a household income of…
| Belief in Hell | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 39% | 22% | 26% | 13% | 111 |
| Don't believe | 19% | 15% | 24% | 42% | 125 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by household income
Educational distribution among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who have completed…
| Belief in Hell | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 38% | 28% | 20% | 14% | 126 |
| Don't believe | 19% | 16% | 38% | 27% | 146 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by educational group
Marital status among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are…
| Belief in Hell | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 26% | 7% | 17% | 11% | 40% | 128 |
| Don't believe | 33% | 14% | 7% | 4% | 43% | 146 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by marital status
Parent of children under 18 among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are…
| Belief in Hell | Parents | Non-parents | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 31% | 69% | 129 |
| Don't believe | 14% | 86% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by parental status
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say they…
| Belief in Hell | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 78% | 21% | < 1% | < 1% | 1% | < 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 28% | 20% | 15% | 1% | 30% | 5% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in God
Importance of religion in one's life among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say religion is…
| Belief in Hell | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 74% | 20% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 20% | 24% | 28% | 29% | < 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who attend religious services…
| Belief in Hell | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 46% | 30% | 24% | 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 9% | 37% | 53% | < 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who pray…
| Belief in Hell | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 76% | 13% | 4% | 6% | < 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 22% | 22% | 9% | 46% | < 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who attend prayer group…
| Belief in Hell | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 35% | 9% | 9% | 47% | 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 7% | 8% | 5% | 79% | 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who meditate…
| Belief in Hell | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 53% | 5% | 3% | 37% | 2% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 22% | 6% | 6% | 66% | < 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Belief in Hell | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 62% | 13% | 18% | 5% | 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 40% | 19% | 13% | 26% | 2% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Belief in Hell | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 42% | 13% | 15% | 29% | 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 45% | 18% | 17% | 19% | 2% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Belief in Hell | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 45% | 10% | 35% | 5% | 4% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 5% | 24% | 49% | 20% | 2% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say…
| Belief in Hell | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 34% | 61% | 4% | 2% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 11% | 89% | < 1% | < 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who read scripture…
| Belief in Hell | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 44% | 17% | 9% | 29% | < 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 8% | 6% | 7% | 78% | < 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say the holy scripture is…
| Belief in Hell | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 47% | 37% | 2% | 11% | 3% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 9% | 10% | < 1% | 74% | 7% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who …in heaven
| Belief in Hell | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 99% | 1% | < 1% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 35% | 60% | 5% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in heaven
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who identify as…
| Belief in Hell | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 16% | 16% | 68% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 7% | 12% | 81% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Switch Display To: belief in hell among adults in the District of Columbia by political party
Political ideology among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who are…
| Belief in Hell | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 24% | 46% | 20% | 10% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 5% | 33% | 55% | 7% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who would rather have…
| Belief in Hell | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 25% | 67% | 4% | 4% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 15% | 81% | 3% | 2% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say government aid to the poor…
| Belief in Hell | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 26% | 68% | 4% | 2% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 16% | 81% | 2% | 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say abortion should be…
| Belief in Hell | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 53% | 43% | 5% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 88% | 10% | 2% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say homosexuality…
| Belief in Hell | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 56% | 37% | 2% | 5% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 91% | 5% | 3% | 1% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who …same-sex marriage
| Belief in Hell | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 42% | 44% | 14% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 89% | 6% | 5% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say…
| Belief in Hell | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 33% | 61% | 3% | 3% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 12% | 83% | 2% | 4% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults in the District of Columbia by belief in hell
% of adults in the District of Columbia who say humans…
| Belief in Hell | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Believe | 26% | 36% | 6% | 30% | 2% | 132 |
| Don't believe | 66% | 16% | 5% | 10% | 3% | 147 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
