Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Age distribution among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who are ages…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
18-29
30-49
50-64
65+
Sample size
Conservative
30%
36%
23%
11%
999
Moderate
32%
40%
20%
8%
1,782
Liberal
34%
35%
22%
9%
1,722
Don't know
36%
39%
17%
8%
400
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Younger Millennial
Older Millennial
Generation X
Baby Boomer
Silent
Greatest
Sample size
Conservative
20%
17%
29%
27%
6%
1%
999
Moderate
19%
20%
32%
23%
5%
< 1%
1,782
Liberal
20%
22%
27%
25%
5%
< 1%
1,722
Don't know
20%
27%
28%
20%
5%
< 1%
400
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Men
Women
Sample size
Conservative
60%
40%
1,022
Moderate
56%
44%
1,813
Liberal
47%
53%
1,738
Don't know
52%
48%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who identify as…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
White
Black
Asian
Latino
Other/Mixed
Sample size
Conservative
64%
13%
3%
16%
4%
996
Moderate
66%
12%
5%
13%
4%
1,781
Liberal
62%
11%
5%
17%
6%
1,718
Don't know
61%
13%
6%
13%
6%
393
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Immigrants
Second generation
Third generation or higher
Sample size
Conservative
13%
11%
76%
1,002
Moderate
12%
10%
78%
1,791
Liberal
16%
14%
70%
1,703
Don't know
14%
8%
78%
387
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who have a household income of…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Less than $30,000
$30,000-$49,999
$50,000-$99,999
$100,000 or more
Sample size
Conservative
41%
19%
24%
15%
897
Moderate
34%
22%
27%
17%
1,624
Liberal
34%
23%
24%
19%
1,593
Don't know
59%
17%
15%
10%
301
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who have completed…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
High school or less
Some college
College
Post-graduate degree
Sample size
Conservative
57%
28%
11%
4%
1,021
Moderate
41%
34%
16%
10%
1,809
Liberal
36%
33%
18%
13%
1,732
Don't know
62%
28%
7%
3%
400
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Married
Living with a partner
Divorced/separated
Widowed
Never married
Sample size
Conservative
44%
11%
12%
3%
30%
1,011
Moderate
41%
11%
10%
4%
34%
1,809
Liberal
36%
12%
13%
3%
36%
1,734
Don't know
26%
9%
15%
4%
46%
406
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who are…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Parents
Non-parents
Sample size
Conservative
31%
69%
1,020
Moderate
29%
71%
1,803
Liberal
25%
75%
1,734
Don't know
29%
71%
408
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in God among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say they…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Believe in God; absolutely certain
Believe in God; fairly certain
Believe in God; not too/not at all certain
Believe in God; don't know
Do not believe in God
Other/don't know if they believe in God
Sample size
Conservative
47%
25%
10%
1%
14%
4%
1,022
Moderate
33%
29%
13%
1%
19%
5%
1,813
Liberal
32%
26%
13%
1%
25%
4%
1,738
Don't know
43%
20%
9%
2%
19%
6%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say religion is…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Very important
Somewhat important
Not too important
Not at all important
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
26%
28%
24%
20%
2%
1,022
Moderate
14%
30%
29%
26%
1%
1,813
Liberal
14%
22%
28%
34%
1%
1,738
Don't know
21%
25%
22%
30%
2%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who attend religious services…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month/a few times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
8%
32%
60%
< 1%
1,022
Moderate
5%
30%
64%
< 1%
1,813
Liberal
4%
24%
72%
< 1%
1,738
Don't know
7%
21%
70%
1%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who pray…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least daily
Weekly
Monthly
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
33%
15%
8%
44%
< 1%
1,022
Moderate
23%
16%
9%
52%
1%
1,813
Liberal
24%
13%
8%
55%
1%
1,738
Don't know
30%
13%
6%
49%
2%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who attend prayer group…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
9%
5%
6%
79%
< 1%
1,022
Moderate
5%
3%
5%
87%
< 1%
1,813
Liberal
5%
4%
3%
87%
< 1%
1,738
Don't know
8%
4%
4%
82%
1%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who meditate…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
28%
8%
3%
60%
1%
1,022
Moderate
25%
10%
5%
59%
1%
1,813
Liberal
31%
11%
5%
52%
1%
1,738
Don't know
26%
6%
2%
63%
3%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
40%
15%
11%
33%
2%
1,022
Moderate
40%
17%
12%
30%
1%
1,813
Liberal
47%
16%
11%
26%
2%
1,738
Don't know
38%
11%
8%
36%
7%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
42%
13%
11%
32%
1%
1,022
Moderate
41%
17%
13%
28%
< 1%
1,813
Liberal
47%
16%
12%
24%
1%
1,738
Don't know
39%
11%
10%
36%
3%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Religion
Philosophy/reason
Common sense
Science
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
13%
10%
63%
11%
2%
1,022
Moderate
8%
16%
63%
12%
2%
1,813
Liberal
8%
19%
55%
17%
2%
1,738
Don't know
14%
10%
60%
9%
7%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
There are clear standards for what is right and wrong
Right or wrong depends on the situation
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
32%
65%
1%
1%
1,022
Moderate
23%
76%
1%
< 1%
1,813
Liberal
16%
82%
1%
2%
1,738
Don't know
23%
68%
5%
4%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who read scripture…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
18%
7%
7%
68%
< 1%
1,022
Moderate
9%
7%
6%
77%
< 1%
1,813
Liberal
9%
6%
6%
78%
< 1%
1,738
Don't know
18%
5%
3%
74%
1%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say the holy scripture is…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Word of God; should be taken literally
Word of God; not everything taken literally
Word of God; other/don't know
Not the word of God
Other/don't know
Sample size
Conservative
21%
17%
2%
51%
10%
1,022
Moderate
10%
17%
1%
63%
8%
1,813
Liberal
10%
11%
1%
72%
6%
1,738
Don't know
20%
16%
3%
45%
15%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who …in heaven
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
Conservative
59%
30%
11%
1,022
Moderate
50%
39%
11%
1,813
Liberal
41%
51%
8%
1,738
Don't know
53%
32%
15%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who …in hell
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
Conservative
45%
45%
10%
1,022
Moderate
38%
53%
10%
1,813
Liberal
27%
66%
7%
1,738
Don't know
41%
43%
15%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Party affiliation among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who identify as…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Republican/lean Rep.
No lean
Democrat/lean Dem.
Sample size
Conservative
48%
22%
30%
1,022
Moderate
30%
24%
47%
1,813
Liberal
11%
19%
71%
1,738
Don't know
11%
66%
23%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who would rather have…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Smaller government; fewer services
Bigger government; more services
Depends
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
60%
36%
1%
3%
1,022
Moderate
54%
40%
3%
3%
1,813
Liberal
33%
60%
4%
3%
1,738
Don't know
39%
43%
5%
13%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say government aid to the poor…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Does more harm than good
Does more good than harm
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
58%
37%
3%
2%
1,022
Moderate
43%
51%
4%
1%
1,813
Liberal
26%
69%
3%
2%
1,738
Don't know
41%
45%
8%
7%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say abortion should be…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Legal in all/most cases
Illegal in all/most cases
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
53%
41%
6%
1,022
Moderate
71%
26%
3%
1,813
Liberal
75%
21%
4%
1,738
Don't know
53%
35%
13%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say homosexuality…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Should be accepted
Should be discouraged
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
64%
28%
4%
4%
1,022
Moderate
81%
12%
3%
3%
1,813
Liberal
85%
12%
2%
2%
1,738
Don't know
67%
16%
8%
9%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who …same-sex marriage
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Strongly favor/favor
Oppose/strongly oppose
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
54%
36%
10%
1,022
Moderate
75%
19%
6%
1,813
Liberal
83%
13%
4%
1,738
Don't know
58%
24%
18%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
47%
48%
2%
3%
1,022
Moderate
30%
65%
3%
2%
1,813
Liberal
20%
76%
2%
2%
1,738
Don't know
35%
51%
3%
11%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among nothing in particulars by political ideology
% of nothing in particulars who say humans…
Chart
Table
Share
Political ideology
Evolved; due to natural processes
Evolved; due to God's design
Evolved; don't know how
Always existed in present form
Don't know
Sample size
Conservative
40%
20%
5%
31%
4%
1,022
Moderate
56%
19%
4%
18%
2%
1,813
Liberal
62%
16%
5%
14%
2%
1,738
Don't know
34%
19%
9%
24%
14%
411
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.