DemographicInformation

Age distribution among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are ages…

Survey year18-2930-4950-6465+Sample size
20147%25%32%37%378
20078%31%30%31%416
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Generational cohort among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are…

Survey yearYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSample size
20146%4%22%40%25%3%378
2007< 1%6%19%37%27%11%416
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Gender composition among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are…

Survey yearMenWomenSample size
201439%61%389
200738%62%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Racial and ethnic composition among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who identify as…

Survey yearWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSample size
201494%3%< 1%2%1%386
200797%< 1%< 1%2%1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Immigrant status among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are…

Survey yearImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSample size
20142%8%89%387
20074%6%91%422
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Income distribution among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who have a household income of…

Survey yearLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSample size
201418%25%33%25%333
200724%26%33%17%340
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Educational distribution among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who have completed…

Survey yearHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSample size
201431%33%20%16%388
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Marital status among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are…

Survey yearMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSample size
201463%4%10%12%11%388
200760%2%9%17%12%424
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Parent of children under 18 among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are…

Survey yearParentsNon-parentsSample size
201420%80%389
200725%75%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say they…

Survey yearBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSample size
201478%17%3%< 1%< 1%1%389
200789%9%1%< 1%< 1%1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Importance of religion in one's life among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say religion is…

Survey yearVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSample size
201473%21%4%1%< 1%389
200777%20%1%1%< 1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Attendance at religious services among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who attend religious services…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201445%42%13%< 1%389
200761%32%7%< 1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of prayer among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who pray…

Survey yearAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201473%20%3%4%1%389
200776%15%2%6%1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who attend prayer group…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201423%10%13%53%< 1%389
200722%20%15%43%< 1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of meditation among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who meditate…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201443%12%4%40%1%389
200753%5%2%37%2%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201455%17%8%18%1%389
200747%15%11%22%4%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

Survey yearReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSample size
201438%7%48%4%3%389
200739%9%47%3%3%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say…

Survey yearThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201428%69%2%< 1%389
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Frequency of reading scripture among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who read scripture…

Survey yearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSample size
201437%16%14%33%< 1%389
200746%14%9%30%1%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Interpreting scripture among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say the holy scripture is…

Survey yearWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSample size
201422%43%2%25%7%389
200730%46%4%13%7%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Heaven among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who …in heaven

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201487%5%8%389
200787%6%7%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Belief in Hell among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who …in hell

Survey yearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSample size
201459%29%12%389
200767%20%12%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who identify as…

Survey yearRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Sample size
201445%11%44%389
200746%12%42%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Political ideology among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who are…

Survey yearConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSample size
201432%43%22%3%389
200744%41%12%3%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about size of government among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who would rather have…

Survey yearSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSample size
201462%30%5%3%389
200753%31%7%8%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about government aid to the poor among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say government aid to the poor…

Survey yearDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201444%49%6%1%389
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about abortion among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say abortion should be…

Survey yearLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSample size
201462%36%2%389
200757%37%6%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about homosexuality among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say homosexuality…

Survey yearShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201472%23%4%1%389
200755%34%7%4%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about same-sex marriage among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who …same-sex marriage

Survey yearStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSample size
201464%30%6%389
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about environmental regulation among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say…

Survey yearStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSample size
201433%64%3%1%389
200726%66%4%5%425
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Views about human evolution among adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA)

% of adults who feel a deep sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing at least once a week who are Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) who say humans…

Survey yearEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSample size
201419%43%5%30%4%389
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.