Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
Age distribution among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are ages…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
18-29
30-49
50-64
65+
Sample size
2014
20%
24%
27%
29%
276
2007
11%
36%
29%
23%
308
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Younger Millennial
Older Millennial
Generation X
Baby Boomer
Silent
Greatest
Sample size
2014
19%
5%
20%
34%
21%
2%
276
2007
< 1%
10%
19%
41%
23%
6%
308
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Men
Women
Sample size
2014
47%
53%
278
2007
51%
49%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who identify as…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
White
Black
Asian
Latino
Other/Mixed
Sample size
2014
88%
2%
3%
4%
2%
277
2007
91%
3%
2%
1%
3%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Immigrants
Second generation
Third generation or higher
Sample size
2014
8%
8%
84%
276
2007
6%
4%
89%
312
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who have a household income of…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Less than $30,000
$30,000-$49,999
$50,000-$99,999
$100,000 or more
Sample size
2014
22%
16%
33%
29%
237
2007
15%
27%
35%
23%
273
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who have completed…
Chart
Table
Share
Survey year
High school or less
Some college
College
Post-graduate degree
Sample size
2014
27%
35%
23%
15%
278
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Married
Living with a partner
Divorced/separated
Widowed
Never married
Sample size
2014
54%
5%
7%
10%
24%
278
2007
65%
2%
10%
7%
16%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Parents
Non-parents
Sample size
2014
24%
76%
278
2007
32%
68%
313
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say they…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Believe in God; absolutely certain
Believe in God; fairly certain
Believe in God; not too/not at all certain
Believe in God; don't know
Do not believe in God
Other/don't know if they believe in God
Sample size
2014
76%
23%
< 1%
< 1%
< 1%
< 1%
278
2007
82%
17%
1%
< 1%
< 1%
< 1%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say religion is…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Very important
Somewhat important
Not too important
Not at all important
Don't know
Sample size
2014
63%
34%
2%
1%
< 1%
278
2007
69%
30%
1%
< 1%
< 1%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who attend religious services…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
At least once a week
Once or twice a month/a few times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
2014
40%
57%
2%
< 1%
278
2007
49%
48%
3%
< 1%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who pray…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
At least daily
Weekly
Monthly
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
2014
64%
29%
4%
3%
< 1%
278
2007
66%
27%
6%
1%
< 1%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who meditate…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
2014
34%
11%
8%
46%
2%
278
2007
36%
11%
10%
41%
2%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
2014
59%
25%
12%
3%
< 1%
278
2007
57%
19%
15%
7%
2%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
2014
46%
19%
16%
17%
1%
278
2007
37%
21%
22%
17%
3%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Religion
Philosophy/reason
Common sense
Science
Don't know
Sample size
2014
39%
11%
44%
4%
2%
278
2007
31%
8%
56%
2%
3%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say…
Chart
Table
Share
Survey year
There are clear standards for what is right and wrong
Right or wrong depends on the situation
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
2014
35%
62%
2%
1%
278
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who read scripture…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
At least once a week
Once or twice a month
Several times a year
Seldom/never
Don't know
Sample size
2014
29%
24%
26%
20%
1%
278
2007
30%
23%
24%
22%
1%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who …in heaven
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
2014
91%
6%
4%
278
2007
89%
4%
6%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who …in hell
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Believe
Don't believe
Other/don't know
Sample size
2014
67%
25%
8%
278
2007
68%
18%
14%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who identify as…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Republican/lean Rep.
No lean
Democrat/lean Dem.
Sample size
2014
49%
14%
37%
278
2007
45%
11%
45%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Political ideology among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who are…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Conservative
Moderate
Liberal
Don't know
Sample size
2014
38%
42%
15%
4%
278
2007
41%
47%
12%
< 1%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who would rather have…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Smaller government; fewer services
Bigger government; more services
Depends
Don't know
Sample size
2014
61%
33%
2%
3%
278
2007
61%
31%
3%
4%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say government aid to the poor…
Chart
Table
Share
Survey year
Does more harm than good
Does more good than harm
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
2014
49%
48%
2%
1%
278
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say abortion should be…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Legal in all/most cases
Illegal in all/most cases
Don't know
Sample size
2014
61%
37%
2%
278
2007
56%
41%
4%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say homosexuality…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Should be accepted
Should be discouraged
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
2014
67%
26%
2%
5%
278
2007
56%
34%
6%
4%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who …same-sex marriage
Chart
Table
Share
Survey year
Strongly favor/favor
Oppose/strongly oppose
Don't know
Sample size
2014
61%
32%
7%
278
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say…
Chart
Trends
Table
Share
Survey year
Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
Neither/both equally
Don't know
Sample size
2014
39%
59%
1%
1%
278
2007
26%
68%
3%
3%
314
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year
% of Mainline Protestants adults who say their holy scripture is the word of God but should not be taken literally who attend prayer group several times a year who say humans…
Chart
Table
Share
Survey year
Evolved; due to natural processes
Evolved; due to God's design
Evolved; don't know how
Always existed in present form
Don't know
Sample size
2014
16%
52%
3%
24%
5%
278
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.