| Survey year | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 9% | 19% | 51% | 19% | 2% | 7,973 |
| 2007 | 11% | 19% | 57% | 10% | 3% | 6,275 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: Religion, Philosophy/reason, Common sense, Science
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults who do not believe in Heaven by religious group
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Religious tradition | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buddhist | 3% | 36% | 44% | 12% | 6% | 151 |
| Catholic | 13% | 12% | 52% | 21% | 2% | 709 |
| Evangelical Protestant | 57% | 7% | 27% | 6% | 3% | 503 |
| Jewish | 5% | 21% | 53% | 18% | 3% | 461 |
| Mainline Protestant | 12% | 19% | 56% | 11% | 2% | 861 |
| Unaffiliated (religious "nones") | 2% | 21% | 54% | 22% | 1% | 4,429 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: Religion, Philosophy/reason, Common sense, Science
Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are ages…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 17% | 32% | 35% | 17% | 670 |
| Philosophy/reason | 33% | 35% | 21% | 12% | 1,589 |
| Common sense | 27% | 35% | 22% | 16% | 3,858 |
| Science | 31% | 37% | 18% | 13% | 1,545 |
| Don't know | 20% | 25% | 28% | 27% | 192 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 9% | 12% | 28% | 40% | 9% | 2% | 670 |
| Philosophy/reason | 22% | 19% | 27% | 25% | 7% | 1% | 1,589 |
| Common sense | 17% | 19% | 26% | 27% | 10% | 1% | 3,858 |
| Science | 20% | 20% | 29% | 22% | 8% | 1% | 1,545 |
| Don't know | 10% | 14% | 21% | 33% | 19% | 4% | 192 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 43% | 57% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 62% | 38% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 58% | 42% | 3,910 |
| Science | 62% | 38% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 60% | 40% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who identify as…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 60% | 11% | 2% | 23% | 4% | 670 |
| Philosophy/reason | 74% | 4% | 6% | 11% | 4% | 1,581 |
| Common sense | 74% | 5% | 6% | 12% | 3% | 3,859 |
| Science | 70% | 4% | 8% | 15% | 4% | 1,544 |
| Don't know | 69% | 6% | 3% | 15% | 6% | 194 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 21% | 9% | 70% | 682 |
| Philosophy/reason | 13% | 15% | 72% | 1,592 |
| Common sense | 14% | 12% | 74% | 3,866 |
| Science | 22% | 14% | 63% | 1,551 |
| Don't know | 20% | 14% | 66% | 201 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who have a household income of…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 35% | 22% | 26% | 17% | 596 |
| Philosophy/reason | 22% | 17% | 30% | 30% | 1,476 |
| Common sense | 25% | 20% | 29% | 26% | 3,520 |
| Science | 24% | 16% | 28% | 31% | 1,428 |
| Don't know | 25% | 21% | 29% | 24% | 155 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who have completed…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 42% | 29% | 16% | 13% | 679 |
| Philosophy/reason | 19% | 30% | 27% | 23% | 1,603 |
| Common sense | 33% | 31% | 22% | 14% | 3,894 |
| Science | 24% | 26% | 27% | 24% | 1,556 |
| Don't know | 19% | 31% | 26% | 24% | 203 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 56% | 5% | 13% | 6% | 20% | 682 |
| Philosophy/reason | 41% | 10% | 14% | 3% | 33% | 1,600 |
| Common sense | 43% | 11% | 12% | 4% | 29% | 3,900 |
| Science | 45% | 10% | 9% | 2% | 33% | 1,556 |
| Don't know | 48% | 7% | 13% | 7% | 25% | 202 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Parents | Non-parents | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 29% | 71% | 683 |
| Philosophy/reason | 21% | 79% | 1,602 |
| Common sense | 25% | 75% | 3,898 |
| Science | 27% | 73% | 1,565 |
| Don't know | 19% | 81% | 202 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say they…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 78% | 12% | 4% | < 1% | 4% | 2% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 16% | 20% | 15% | 1% | 43% | 5% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 19% | 22% | 13% | 1% | 40% | 5% | 3,910 |
| Science | 10% | 17% | 11% | < 1% | 57% | 4% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 31% | 17% | 11% | 4% | 26% | 12% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say religion is…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 78% | 14% | 4% | 3% | 1% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 10% | 21% | 27% | 41% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 11% | 21% | 27% | 41% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 8% | 17% | 21% | 53% | < 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 29% | 19% | 18% | 29% | 5% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who attend religious services…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 61% | 24% | 14% | < 1% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 6% | 28% | 66% | < 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 6% | 26% | 67% | < 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 5% | 25% | 70% | < 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 19% | 26% | 51% | 4% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who pray…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 76% | 10% | 3% | 10% | 1% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 16% | 11% | 6% | 67% | < 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 16% | 9% | 6% | 68% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 11% | 8% | 5% | 76% | < 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 29% | 8% | 8% | 50% | 5% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who attend prayer group…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 50% | 11% | 8% | 31% | 1% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 5% | 4% | 5% | 86% | < 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 4% | 3% | 3% | 90% | < 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 3% | 2% | 4% | 91% | < 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 17% | 5% | 6% | 69% | 3% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who meditate…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 53% | 7% | 3% | 32% | 4% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 36% | 14% | 6% | 43% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 28% | 9% | 6% | 57% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 24% | 10% | 6% | 59% | 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 48% | 8% | 4% | 36% | 4% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 75% | 8% | 5% | 10% | 2% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 45% | 19% | 11% | 24% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 37% | 15% | 11% | 36% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 37% | 17% | 11% | 34% | 2% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 53% | 14% | 8% | 19% | 6% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 54% | 13% | 12% | 19% | 2% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 60% | 16% | 12% | 11% | < 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 44% | 16% | 15% | 24% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 52% | 17% | 12% | 18% | < 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 62% | 11% | 10% | 11% | 7% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 53% | 44% | 1% | 2% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 19% | 79% | 1% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 19% | 79% | 1% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 18% | 81% | < 1% | 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 24% | 64% | 10% | 2% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who read scripture…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 63% | 9% | 5% | 21% | 1% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 8% | 7% | 8% | 76% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 7% | 4% | 6% | 82% | < 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 4% | 5% | 7% | 85% | < 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 21% | 5% | 9% | 65% | 1% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say the holy scripture is…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 46% | 28% | 3% | 19% | 5% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 2% | 5% | < 1% | 90% | 4% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 3% | 7% | 1% | 84% | 5% | 3,910 |
| Science | 3% | 5% | < 1% | 89% | 4% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 6% | 9% | 2% | 60% | 22% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who …in hell
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 31% | 66% | 3% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 3% | 96% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 5% | 94% | 1% | 3,910 |
| Science | 4% | 96% | 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 7% | 85% | 7% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who identify as…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 43% | 25% | 32% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 16% | 16% | 68% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 26% | 18% | 56% | 3,910 |
| Science | 17% | 16% | 67% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 14% | 33% | 53% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Political ideology among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who are…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 48% | 23% | 19% | 11% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 9% | 32% | 56% | 3% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 18% | 36% | 41% | 6% | 3,910 |
| Science | 13% | 33% | 51% | 3% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 13% | 32% | 36% | 19% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who would rather have…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 54% | 41% | 3% | 2% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 42% | 51% | 4% | 3% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 51% | 42% | 4% | 3% | 3,910 |
| Science | 40% | 54% | 3% | 2% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 33% | 37% | 9% | 21% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say government aid to the poor…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 49% | 48% | 2% | 1% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 25% | 72% | 3% | < 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 37% | 58% | 3% | 2% | 3,910 |
| Science | 27% | 70% | 3% | 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 17% | 58% | 16% | 8% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say abortion should be…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 33% | 64% | 3% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 86% | 12% | 2% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 80% | 17% | 3% | 3,910 |
| Science | 83% | 14% | 3% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 68% | 16% | 16% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say homosexuality…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 41% | 54% | 3% | 3% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 92% | 4% | 3% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 85% | 11% | 2% | 2% | 3,910 |
| Science | 89% | 8% | 2% | 2% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 74% | 10% | 8% | 8% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who …same-sex marriage
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 33% | 61% | 6% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 90% | 7% | 3% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 81% | 14% | 5% | 3,910 |
| Science | 87% | 10% | 3% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 70% | 16% | 14% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 39% | 55% | 2% | 4% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 17% | 79% | 2% | 2% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 27% | 70% | 2% | 2% | 3,910 |
| Science | 17% | 79% | 2% | 2% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 12% | 69% | 12% | 7% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults who do not believe in Heaven by sources of guidance on right and wrong
% of adults who do not believe in Heaven who say humans…
| Sources of guidance on right and wrong | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | 14% | 20% | 4% | 60% | 3% | 685 |
| Philosophy/reason | 80% | 10% | 3% | 6% | 1% | 1,605 |
| Common sense | 72% | 10% | 4% | 12% | 2% | 3,910 |
| Science | 82% | 8% | 3% | 7% | 1% | 1,568 |
| Don't know | 52% | 13% | 17% | 7% | 11% | 205 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
