Europe & Russia

As part of a new study, Pew Research Center designed income calculators to help you determine where you fit on the income ladder in Western Europe.

A Pew Research Center analysis of income data from 11 Western European countries finds considerable differences in the fortunes of the middle classes in those countries. See where you fall on your country's income ladder.

The fortunes of the middle classes across Western Europe are moving in different directions. Some nations are experiencing both growing incomes and expanding middle classes, while other nations are witness to stagnant or declining incomes and shrinking middle classes, a new Pew Research Center analysis of 11 Western European countries has found. But in a few other countries studied, the middle-class shares are decreasing even as incomes overall are rising.

From 1991 to 2010, the middle class expands in France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, but, as in the United States, shrinks in Germany, Italy and Spain

In each of 14 countries surveyed in 2016, nearly all people reported owning a mobile phone. But the shares who own a smartphone vary considerably.

Ahead of the first round of the French presidential election, here are five charts outlining the support for the country's populist, far-right National Front.

Nearly four-in-ten Democrats (39%) name Russia as the country that represents the greatest danger to the United States – the highest percentage expressing this view in nearly three decades.

Many in Europe, the U.S., Canada, Australia and Japan do not report regularly visiting social media sites. But majorities in all of the 14 countries surveyed say they at least use the internet.

Brazil and Japan were among countries with the lowest levels of religious restrictions in 2015, while Russia and Egypt were among countries with the highest.

Europe in 2015 saw a rise in social hostilities involving religion, particularly against the continent’s Muslims.