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Home Research Topics Politics & Policy Political Parties & Polarization Political Animosity
Pew Research CenterFebruary 21, 2017
1. Who is going negative? Leadership and very liberal or conservative members most critical of other side

Very liberal, very conservative members less likely to highlight constituent benefits

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Very liberal, very conservative members less likely to highlight constituent benefits

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1. Who is going negative? Leadership and very liberal or conservative members most critical of other side
Moderates less likely to disagree with members of the other political party
Leadership of both parties more indignant than rank-and-file
Under Obama, Democrats less likely than Republicans to criticize other side
Lawmakers use press releases and Facebook posts to reach the public
Members representing less competitive districts are less likely to discuss bipartisanship
Members representing less competitive districts most likely to criticize other side
Members of more liberal, conservative caucuses discuss benefits less
Very liberal, very conservative members less likely to highlight constituent benefits
Moderate members of Congress most likely to highlight bipartisanship

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