An estimated 2.4 million Hispanics of Cuban origin lived in the United States in 2021, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Cubans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Cuban origin; this includes immigrants from Cuba and those who trace their family ancestry to Cuba.
Cubans are the fourth-largest population (tied with Dominicans) of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for 4% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2021. From 2000 to 2021, the Cuban-origin population increased 92%, growing from 1.2 million to 2.4 million. At the same time, the Cuban foreign-born population living in the U.S. grew by 50%, from 850,000 in 2000 to 1.3 million in 2021.
For a downloadable spreadsheet of these findings, see “U.S. Hispanic population data (detailed tables).”
| Year | Total | U.S. born | Foreign born |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 1,200,000 | 390,000 | 850,000 |
| 2010 | 1,900,000 | 780,000 | 1,100,000 |
| 2021 | 2,400,000 | 1,100,000 | 1,300,000 |
Note: Figures greater than 1 million are rounded to the nearest 100,000; other figures greater than 100,000 are rounded to the nearest 10,000; figures that are less than or equal to 100,000 and greater than 25,000 are rounded to the nearest 5,000.
Source: Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2000 census (5% IPUMS) and the 2010 and 2021 American Community Surveys (1% IPUMS).
The following key facts compare demographic and economic characteristics of the Cuban-origin population in the U.S. with the characteristics of U.S. Hispanics and the U.S. population overall. They are based on Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2021 American Community Survey.
Immigration status
- Among Hispanics in the U.S., 32% are foreign born, compared with 53% of U.S. Cubans.
- 51% of foreign-born Cubans have been in the U.S. for over 20 years, and 67% of foreign-born Cubans are U.S. citizens.
Educational attainment
- 20% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 30% of Cubans.
- Among Cubans ages 25 and older, the U.S. born are more likely than the foreign born to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (43% vs. 24%).
Income
- Among U.S. Hispanics, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $30,000, compared with $35,000 for Cubans.
- Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned less than Cubans ($40,000 vs. $45,000).
Poverty status
- The share of U.S. Hispanics overall who live in poverty (18%) is greater than among Cubans (14%). Broken out by nativity, 12% of U.S.-born Cubans live in poverty, as do 16% of foreign-born Cubans.
Homeownership
- The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanic households overall (51%) is lower than the rate for Cuban households (56%).
- Among Cuban households in the U.S., rates of homeownership are about the same for those headed by a U.S.-born or foreign-born household head (58% vs. 55%).
Top states of residence
- The Cuban population is concentrated in Florida (64%), Texas (5%), California (4%), New Jersey (4%) and New York (3%).
Age
- The median age of U.S. Hispanics (29.5) is lower than that of Cubans (40.0) and the U.S. population (37.8).
Marital status
- 46% of U.S. Hispanics ages 18 and older are married, compared with 47% of Cubans.
- Among Cubans ages 18 and older, those who are foreign born are more likely to be married than the U.S. born (50% vs. 41%).
Fertility
- 6% of U.S. Hispanic females ages 15 to 44 gave birth in the 12 months prior to the July 2021 American Community Survey. The rate for Cuban females was 5%.
Language
- 72% of U.S. Hispanics ages 5 and older speak only English at home or speak English at least “very well,” compared with 64% of Cubans.
- Meanwhile, 67% of Hispanic adults are English proficient, as are 59% of Cuban adults.
Note: This is an update of a fact sheet originally published in September 2019, which former Research Analyst Antonio Flores contributed to and co-wrote.
Methodology
Pew Research Center’s fact sheets on U.S. Latinos and the accompanying blog post examine the Latino population of the United States overall and by its 17 largest origin groups – Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Dominicans, Cubans, Guatemalans, Colombians, Hondurans, Spaniards, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Venezuelans, Nicaraguans, Argentines, Panamanians, Chileans and Costa Ricans. These sheets provide detailed geographic, demographic and economic characteristics for all Latinos and for each Latino origin group. They are based on the Center’s tabulations of the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 and 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) and the 2000 U.S. decennial census.
The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample of more than 3 million addresses. It covers the topics previously covered in the long form of the decennial census. The ACS is designed to provide estimates of the size and characteristics of the resident population, which includes persons living in households and group quarters. For more about the ACS, including the sampling strategy and associated error, see the 2010 or 2021 American Community Survey’s Accuracy of the Data document provided by the Census Bureau.
The specific data sources for these fact sheets are the 1% samples of the 2010 and 2021 ACS Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by the University of Minnesota and the 5% sample of the 2000 decennial census. IPUMS assigns uniform codes, to the extent possible, to data collected by the decennial census and the ACS from 1850 to 2021. For more information about IPUMS, including variable definition and sampling error, please visit the “IPUMS Documentation and User Guide.”
Due to differences in the way in which IPUMS and Census Bureau adjust income data and assign poverty status, data provided on these topics might differ from data that are provided by the Census Bureau.
For the purposes of these fact sheets, the foreign born include those persons who identified as naturalized citizens or noncitizens and are living in the 50 states or the District of Columbia. Persons born in Puerto Rico and other outlying territories of the U.S. and who are now living in the 50 states or D.C. are included in the U.S.-born population.
